Human Rights - 2484 Words

How successful were Hobbes and Locke in their attempts to justify the existence of Human Rights? In this essay, the main distinctions of Hobbes and Lock’s work will be discussed and how their work contributed to the existence of human rights. Other predominant thinkers, such as Bentham and Marx will be brought in to critically evaluate Hobbes and Lock’s attempts on human rights. Finally a conclusion will be drawn upon these points to state whether Hobbes or Locke was Successful to justify the existence of human rights or whether there were any flaws in their thinking. â€Å"Human rights are the†¦show more content†¦According to Hobbes, to deny this right would be meaningless. Hobbes sharply distinguished this natural liberty, from natural laws, described generally as a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taken away the means of preserving his life; and to omit, that, by which he thought it may best be preserved. In his natural state, according to Hobbes, mans life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws – It followed that in such a condition, every man has the right to everything, and therefore, as long as this natural right of every man to everything endured, there can be no security to any man... of living out the time, which Nature ordinarily allow men to live. This would lead inevitably to a situation known as the war of all against all, in which human beings kill, steal and enslave others in order to stay alive, and due to their natural lust for Gain, Safety and Reputation. Hobbes reasoned that this world of chaos created by unlimited rights was highly undesirable, since it would cau se human life to be solitary, poor, nasty,Show MoreRelatedHuman Rights Is A Human Right850 Words   |  4 Pagestheir human rights violated. Human rights range from the right of equality, to the right of marriage, to the right of adequate living and more. Anything humans being deserve is a human right. They can be as extreme as 805 million people living in poverty (Yahoo, Derrius Quarles) or as simple as not being allowed to speak about your religion in a restaurant. Human rights belong to everyone. Whether or not we think it is ethical, almost everyone at one point in their lives will have these rights violatedRead MoreThe Rights Of A Human Right1037 Words   |  5 Pagessomething to be considered a basic human right, one often looks at all the reasons why it should become one. In some cases however, it can be argued that the refusal of something as a human right is actually a violation of already existing human rights. This is the case when discussing PAS/D in reference to becom ing a human right. People understand that they have a right to life, liberty and personal security, but nowhere does the charter state people have a right to their own death – not explicitlyRead MoreThe Rights Of Human Rights1211 Words   |  5 Pages The inalienable human rights is something undeniably important in the view of everyone in the world, as nearly all government in the world have some sort of written law that ensure the rights of its citizens, like the Bill of Rights that protect the rights of Americans. Yet, when applying that significance in protecting human rights to people outside of their nation’s border depend considerably on the interests of the government, the interactions between the different nations, and the response concludedRead MoreHuman Rights And The Rights1361 Words   |  6 PagesHuman rights are rights that claim that all human beings no matter what gender, race, religion language and etc., are all equally entitled to our human rights. They are the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled to such as civil and political rights, the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and speech/expression, equality before the law, social, cultural and economic rights, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education. .All have the right toRead MoreThe Rights Of Human Rights1599 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Basically, we could not have peace, or an atmosphere in which peace could grow, unless we recognized the rights of individual human beings, their importance, their dignity and agree that was the basic thing that had to be accepted throughout the world.† Eleanor Roosevelt. There is no doubt that throughout history women have been, and are still inferior in many countries. With a population of over 7 billion people on this planet, there are 795 million people who go to bed hungry every night (WFP)Read MoreThe Rights Of Human Rights915 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of Human Rights was created as means of awareness. The purpose of writing Human Rights covenants was to elaborate more on the rights afforded to every human being and also emphasize that building a strong foundation for Human rights is the first step to peace. Eleanor Roosevelt became one of the first important people to advocate for human rights by heading the United Nations’ first Human Rights Commission. Roosevelt’s goal was to make Human Rights, more or less, a second nature by passingRead MoreHuman Rights And The Rights950 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rights are the rights that belong to each and every single person internationally. These rights have been around since the first civilization in Ancient Greece and has evolved into the rights we have currently. Each group of people has had to fight for these rights that each person supposedly has. Throughout history, group after group is discriminated against even though people fight for equality. Though there are many different categories of human rights, the three types of human rights areRead MoreIs There a Human Right?1289 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is human? What is a right? Is there such a thing called a human right? Discuss the logic behind your responses and whether or not there are implications for you personally? In our class discussion, we defined a human as a type of being that has needs, thoughts, feelings, and ideas. They are enlightened, loving, compassionate, rational, and self-aware beings that are born of a woman. They have a soul and question the existence of God and themselves. The dictionary defines a human as a characteristicRead MoreHuman Rights And Natural Rights1184 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are basically rights that individuals theoretically have within natural law. The quest for happiness, life as well as liberty are for instances cited as natural rights by the Declaration of Independence of the USA. As a matter of fact, human rights are deduced from natural law and occur with or without the authority of any government. Human rights can be interpreted as incessant with what were formerly identified as natural rights. This steadiness is not only historical, but theoreticalRead More Human Rights 2138 Words   |  9 PagesCONCERNING HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATI ONS? The interconnectedness in the world produces a new agenda of international issues which affect both powerful and less powerful countries (Lamy, 2001a, 2006b: 213). The effects are widespread, and these problems could only be solved through international cooperation (Greene, 2006: 452). This paper seeks to consider four issues which are legitimate to the human rights agenda in international relations. Scholars of international relations and human rights

Older Adult s Beliefs On Aging - 1583 Words

In the last several decades, many have developed different beliefs and perspective on the process of aging. Their view on aging could have been influenced by their own age, gender, time, society, culture, and other countless factors. The purpose of this paper is to explore an older adult’s beliefs on aging by interviewing three people from different age group; an adolescent (ages 14-20), a middle-aged person (ages 45-60), and an older adult (age 70-100 or older). The people I interviewed are Christian (19-years-old African American male), Leroy (60-years-old Caucasian male), and Judy (74 years-old- Caucasian female). The participants were asked to answer six questions regarding of their belief on aging. Each interview lasted for†¦show more content†¦I would not want to be old.’ Middle-aged person (ages 45-60): â€Å"No, I wouldn’t say that it that old age in a wonderful time. Unless you have a lot of money and saving then it would be a different story.† Older adult (age 70-100 or older): â€Å"That is a tough question to speak for everyone, but for me I do think old age is a wonderful time. We have already seen and lived it all, and now we can basically do whatever we want. We do not have to worry about anything else but being happy. I get to sit home, volunteer, and do the things that I love.† Question 4: Respond to this statement: â€Å"If people live long enough, they will probably become senile.† Adolescent (ages 14-20): â€Å"True! I believe so but it also depends on their health. If they live a healthy life during their early years, but they their health is poor then they might have dementia or Alzheimer, I think.† Middle-aged person (ages 45-60): â€Å"I disagree with the statement. As people older some might become senile or get mad at the world, but some would not. It depends on their health status and the earlier life they lived.† Older adult (age 70-100 or older): â€Å"No, not necessary, but it depends. I have not experience anything like that and I am pretty healthy for my age. On the other hands, my husband who passed a couple years ago have been diagnosed with many health and a mental problem. MyShow MoreRelatedAgeism is Widespread in Western Societies1250 Words   |  5 PagesThe aging of society has not significantly changed our perceptions of the elderly. Ageism is widespread in Western societies (Dionigi, et al, 2011). Older adults are seen as boring, grumpy irritable, weak, debilitated, mournful, and most significantly cognitively. These stereotypes which are negative can be allowed by the aged themselves negative self-stereotyping (Dionigi, et al, 2011) and are as well found among specialized caregivers (e.g., Cowan, Fitzpatrick, Roberts, While,2004). The imageRead MoreAging Lgbt Social Service Needs And Issues1663 Words   |  7 PagesAging LGBT Social Service Needs and Issues: An overview of San Bernardino County INTRODUCTION Problem Statement Today, falling birthrates and advances in medicine have made adults 65 years and older one of the fastest growing populations in the United States. According to Grant, J. M., Koskovich, G., Frazer, M. S., Bjerk, S. (2010), â€Å"nearly 37.9 million Americans are 65 or older, representing 12.6% of the population, or one in eight Americans† (p. 19). Furthermore, the aging population is facedRead MoreIntroduction Of Late Adulthood And Retirement1659 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood, adolescence, early adulthood and late adulthood. Those different stages of development present characteristics which are particular to each stage. The last decade had seen an increase with people age sixty and above. Consequently, this aging population has significant effects on many aspect of society. Life expectancy which was of 50 years in the 19th century had tremendously increase. Indeed the factors contributing to the longevity include; public health measure to many factors suchRead MoreWhat Are The Various Meaning Of Aging?947 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning of aging? A: Aging is the process of life from birth to death, and all changes in between including physical (biological) and psychological. When it comes to biological aging, â€Å"Aging is the random change in the structure and function of molecules, cells and organisms that is caused by the passage of time and by one s interaction with environment. Aging increases the probability of death (McDonald, 2013)†. When it comes to psychology, in our community the majority s belief is the older you getRead MoreEssay on Late Adulthood1394 Words   |  6 Pagesadulthood is known as the period of life after middle adulthood, usually from around 65 years old to death (Santrock, 2013, p. 485). There are many varying stages of development and health in late adulthood, along with steady changing of life expectancy. Aging is a part of life, and with it comes changes in every area of living. Many diseases find late adulthood as an opportune time to affect people. Eventually, whether caused by diseas e or another reason, every individual dies. Death is unique to everyRead MoreGerontology Agencies within Georgia1612 Words   |  7 PagesInsecurity Aging Society: The United States is experiencing social issues related to food insecurity and hunger. Current research states that older adults are especially vulnerable to food insecurity. In a study published in the Journal of Urban Health states, â€Å"Among the 14.6% of American households experiencing food insecurity, approximately 2 million are occupied by older adults† (Chung, Gallo, Giunta, Canavan, Parikh, Fahs, 2011, p. 1). Since the year 2011 the Athens Community Council on Aging reportsRead MoreIs Ageism The Intentional And Subconscious Discrimination Against Older Adults? Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesAgeism is the intentional and subconscious discrimination against older adults, but it seems the younger generation does not understand that and dismisses the elderly. Showing respect and dignity to the older adult (OA) should be a courtesy ingrained in each of us, sadly, that has been forgotten in today’s society. The younger generations must learn the importance of re specting and take the time to listen to what the OA has to say and spend quality time with them. Children should be taught fromRead MoreFood Insecurity in Aging Society1627 Words   |  7 PagesInsecurity Aging Society: The United States is experiencing social issues related to food insecurity and hunger. Current research states that older adults are especially vulnerable to food insecurity. In a study published in the Journal of Urban Health states, â€Å"Among the 14.6% of American households experiencing food insecurity, approximately 2 million are occupied by older adults† (Chung, Gallo, Giunta, Canavan, Parikh, Fahs, 2011, p. 1). Since the year 2011 the Athens Community Council on Aging reportsRead MoreChronological Age And Functional Age1750 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia from various perspectives. In general, they are depicted as wise, stubborn, love to give advice, have difficulty performing regular physical activities, some are even in wheelchairs or using assisted canes, and have lots of stories to tell. It s the period of time when people are supposed to become slower, to get more obsessive, needy, and look confused most of the time. However, this period has interesting facts to edu cate each and every one of us. We are all going to get there, one way orRead MoreRichard Lazarus and Susan Folkman’s and Stress and Coping Paradigm1542 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and stress and coping paradigm and in view of this paradigm explain age and individual difference in the experience and handling of stress 1. Introduction Stress is induced by life events .Lazarus and Flokman in (Cavanaugh and Blanchard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Field (2005) point out stress is defined by the person and that no two people experiences stress the same event in exactly the same way. Each individual has a specific tolerance for stress depending

Clinical Governance and Practice Improvement

Question: Discuss about the Clinical Governance and Practice Improvement. Answer: Introduction: Falls prevention is the type of actions taken to reduce the amount of accidental falls that are suffered by the aged people. Injuries related to falls are the most common and serious medical problems that are experienced by the aged population. It is evident that annually, the incidence of falls among the older population is one-third and half of them are known to fall more than once (Haines et al. 2014, pp.136-144). The Australian Commission of Safety and Quality in Healthcare has taken quite a number of national initiatives for reducing the incidences of falls and prevention of the associated harm. It has been recognized by the commission that falls are the largest harm-causing incident in the country for healthcare and is a national priority for quality and safety, as it is responsible for the fifth common cause of death in the older adults (Safetyandquality.gov.au 2016). Resources have been developed for reducing the incidence of falls that are experienced by the aged people and the associated harm endured. In 75% of the cases of hip fracture, the overall health deteriorates as the recovery is incomplete. According to WHO, about 28-35% of the aged population over the age of 65 years is becoming prone to falls by 32-42% every year and it is increasing worldwide. The average cost per fall in Australia per year is AUS$ 6500 and this causes serious repercussions on the lives of the friends and families of the patient as well (World Health Organization 2016). Several government bodies in Australia provide online support for management and prevention of falls for the carers, general practitioners, health professionals and the public. From these aspects, it can be stated that fall prevention is an important issue of healthcare that has to be considered and this assignment will explore the issue through relevant literature. The assignment will critique the searched articles and summarize the findings and synthesize them by the application of a critical appraisal to ol. Summary Table A summary table has been framed for succinctly and accurately summarizing the relevant information from the searched research articles and represents the various parameters of critical analysis. The summary table has been provided below. Table 1: Research Articles Summary Table Article No. Author Details Aims / Purpose Sample / Setting Or Role of the Key Stakeholders Design / Methods Or Type of Paper Main Findings Or Primary Argument Strengths and Limitations of the Paper 1. Haas and Haines (2014, pp.283-292) Australia Examination of the impact and acceptability on the sustained participation in the activities of falls prevention of a combined education and exercise falls prevention program 23 participants were recruited for the study out of which, 12 participated in the home programs and 11 participated in the group programs For this qualitative study, semi-structured telephone interview was used for data collection The reported benefits of the program of falls prevention included balance and mobility, improvements in the flexibility of joints and enjoyment was derived from the socialization and exercises Strengths: Few key areas were identified that were found to be supportive of the future falls prevention program. Limitations: The multi-dimensional program for falls prevention was not sufficient to bring about the long-term change in health behavior. Cultural needs were ignored 2. Stephenson et al. (2015, p.113) Australia Assessment of the practices of falls prevention in the hospitals of Australia and implementation of promotion for promotion of the best practices One clinical leader from every hospital and nine acute care hospitals were selected from Australia For this quantitative study, conducted audits for data collection Feedback and clinical audit were found to be an effective strategy for promoting quality improvement in the practices of falls prevention in the settings of acute hospitals Strength: Utilization of the audit criteria that was evidence based demonstrated quality improvement in the practices of fall prevention. Limitation: The specific and common factors responsible for the fall rates variation were not identified and some of the references were as old as 1998. 3. Church et al. (2012, pp.241-248) Australia Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the strategies that are designed for preventing falls among the aged people The samples for the study were general, high-risk and specific population of the aged community-dwelling Australians For this qualitative study, data was collected from various sources like published literature and government reports The incremental cost-effective ratios for the various interventions were determined and Tai Chi was found to be the most effective intervention for fall prevention Strength: Cost effective interventions were designed that were effective for falls prevention among the older adults. Limitations: Uncertainty exists regarding certain parameters of the model and the ethical consideration was ignored 4. Johansson et al. (2015, p.153) Sweden Evaluation of the effectiveness of a client centered and multi disciplinary fall prevention program on the autonomy and experiences of participation in the everyday occupations of the older adults who are community dwellers The study participants were 131 older adults who were above the age of 65 years from 9 different areas of primary care in Stockholm For this quantitative study, two instruments were used that were IPA-S and OGQ Autonomy and perceived participation seemed to be subjective experiences and varied according to the individual Strengths: The study offered an initial examination for the impact of an intervention of fall prevention. Limitation: The impact of the prevention program was not measured 5. Khong et al. (2015, p.1) Australia Exploration of the perspective of the peer educators regarding their role in delivering the education on peer-led falls prevention for the older adults who are community dwellers The study sample included older adults who were community dwellers in the metropolitan areas of Perth, Western Australia. Data collection for this qualitative study was done by focus group interviews Peer educators are able to deliver the education for falls prevention to the older adults. This influences the acceptance of the message as peer to peer connection for facilitating optimal engagement Strength: This study provided the knowledge about adult learning principles and the feedback for the delivery of the presentations of falls prevention. Limitation: The large-scale evaluation was not carried out for determining the effectiveness of the approach n peer education for the falls prevention Literature Critique For critiquing the literature, CASP (Critical Appraisal Tools Program) tool was used for enquiring the study validity, investigation of the results and determination of the usefulness and relevance. The tool was implemented for appraising the articles and determining which was the rigorous and accurate study method and design (Nadelson Nadelson 2014, pp.344-346). According to the study conducted by Haas and Haines (2014, pp.283-292), the study design was qualitative and the method implemented was making a move program which was an initiative for falls prevention including an educational and exercise program. The study conducted by Stephenson et al. (2015, p.113) was a quantitative study that was based on the intervention of patient and staff education. The study conducted by Church et al. (2012, pp.241-248) was qualitative and the applied method was Markov model of intervention which has been designed to prevent falls whereas the study conducted by Johansson et al. (2015, p.153) was a quantitative study and the falls prevention program was implemented that was client centered and multi disciplinary. The study conducted by Khong et al. (2015, p.1) was qualitative and the applied method was a two-stage constant comparative design. All these studies had different designs and methodologies for falls prevention among older adults. The study conducted by Stephenson et al. was limited to the patients of the hospital and did not consider the broader aspect of the community in fall prevention. The study conducted by Church et al. was a better attempt to provide cost effective fall preventions strategies but all the parameters were not appropriately verified for its implementation in the community. The study conducted by Haas and Haines had a small study sample which was not enough to determine the change in behavior in the entire community dwellers of older adults. The study conducted by Johansson et al. was individual dependant and the subjective experiences were foun d to vary. Therefore, the objective and subjective experiences were not measured which is essential for determining the efficacy of the program. Finally, the study conducted by Khong et al. was found to be the most rigorous of all as the peer educators are considered to possess the potential for effective delivery of the fall prevention education among the older adults of the community in two stages. The researchers conducted a thorough background study and found that 26% of the older adults receiving peer education on fall prevention have exhibited significant reduction in their falling risks. Some of the studies even revealed that after the uptake of actions for falls prevention, there was no significant reduction in the falls. The authors identified a gap in the relationship and role of the peer educators and their associated coordinating organization. Therefore, the authors took up the study for exploring the perspectives of a peer educators group regarding their role in deliver ing education on falls prevention that are peer led for the community dwelling adults. This study had the intention of preventing falls which was much interactive when compared to other studies as it involved peer led education. Findings Study findings from the study of Stephenson et al. there was no differences which were statistically significant between the various settings which revealed that the fall rates remained unchanged despite the practice improvements whereas the study of Haas and Haines found that the participation and completion of the falls prevention program were inconsistent. The findings of the study by Johansson et al. stated that no statistical differences were observed between the two groups and the subjective experiences had limited effects whereas the study by Church et al. found that Tai Chi was the most cost-effective intervention for falls prevention. The findings from the study by Khong et al. stated that the development of an optimal peer connection is essential for educating the audience, considering the various factors. Therefore, on a comparative note, it can be said that the studies by Church et al. and Khong et al. had the findings that can be implemented in an effective and cost-effe ctive manner in the community for falls prevention. References Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care 2009 , Guidebook for Preventing Falls and Harm from Falls in Older People , viewed 29th August 2016, https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/search/fall#Guidebook-for-Preventing-Falls-and-Harm-from-Falls-in-Older Church, J., Goodall, S., Norman, R. and Haas, M., 2012, ' The cost effectiveness of falls prevention interventions for older community dwelling Australians',Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,vol 36, no. 3 , pp.241-248. Haas, R. and Haines, T.P., 2014, ' Twelve month follow up of a falls prevention program in older adults from diverse populations in Australia: A qualitative study' ,Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,vol 58, no. 2 , pp.283-292. Haines, T.P., Day, L., Hill, K.D., Clemson, L. and Finch, C., 2014, ' Better for others than for me: A belief that should shape our efforts to promote participation in falls prevention strategies' , Archives of gerontology and geriatrics,vol 59, no. 1, pp.136-144. Johansson, E., Dahlberg, R., Jonsson, H. and Patomella, A.H., 2015, ' Does a Falls Prevention Program Impact Perceived Participation in Everyday Occupations? A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial ' , OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, p.153. Khong, L., Farringdon, F., Hill, K.D. and Hill, A.M., 2015, ' We are all one together: peer educators views about falls prevention education for community-dwelling older adults-a qualitative study ', BMC geriatrics,vol 15, no.1 , p.1. Nadelson, S. and Nadelson, L.S., 2014, ' Evidence Based Practice Article Reviews Using CASP Tools: A Method for Teaching EBP ', Worldviews on Evidence Based Nursing,vol 11, no.5 , pp.344-346. Stephenson, M., Mcarthur, A., Giles, K., Lockwood, C., Aromataris, E. and Pearson, A., 2015, ' Prevention of falls in acute hospital settings: a multi-site audit and best practice implementation project ', International Journal for Quality in Health Care, p.113. World Health Organization 2016, Falls Prevention in Older Age, viewed 29th August 2016, https://www.who.int/ageing/projects/falls_prevention_older_age/en/

Shark Killing Essays - Fish, Elasmobranchii, Shark Finning, Sharks

Shark Killing Among some of the most wasteful reasons to hunt in the world I'd have to say that besides the killing of elephants for their tusks, this is on top of the list for one of the worst reasons a blue shark is killed. And sadly enough the United States is one of the top countries to blame. In Hawaii and Mexico shark finning is very common. The fishermen fish the sharks take the fins, and throw it back into the water. The fins are mainly used for fin soup as a status symbol for the Japanese. They eat it for fin soup. Since the fins contain a high dose of ammonia smell and taste they must be processed quickly and tossed back into the ocean, and a lot of times the fish is thrown back into the water alive. Conservation's main cause for concern is the fact that the sharks have a very low reproduction rate. They don't typically reproduce until the age of twenty-five, and even then they only produce a few babies. At The rate these fishermen hunt them the sharks will possibly become endangered in the next few years. This is one of the most cruelest things I've ever heard, and not just the killing of them for the fins, but that fact that they are thrown back into the water without fins. How is the shark supposed to survive and even swim? That is so cruel. Maybe someone should cut off fishermen's legs and arms, and watch them try to survive. It probably would probably hard for the fisherman to survive, he'd be a physical vegetable. I hope the United States does something urgently to control this growing problem before it gets out of hand. The people can do something about it by obviously not buying shark products but also by writing letters and sending petitions to congress, we could also spread the word in other ways in Japan and Hong Kong. But I think if the US stopped the finning, other countries would probably follow and sales would go down, giving the sharks a chance to live and breed in peace. Animal Science